ABSTRACT
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. In this study, we analyzed seroprevalence of T. gondii among 467 school children living in the rural areas of Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among school children was 23.5%; 22.5% of children were positive for T. gondii IgG, 0.4% of children were positive for T. gondii IgM, and 0.6% of children were positive for both T. gondii IgG and IgM. Geographical factors did not significantly affect the seroprevalence frequency between Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. No significant difference was found between males (22.2%) and females (25.0%). The overall seroprevalence among school children differed by ages (10 years old [13.6%], 11–12 years old [19.8%], 13–14 years old [24.6%], and 15–16 years old [28.0%]), however, the result was not significant. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for T. gondii B1 gene for IgG-positive and IgM-positive blood samples were negative, indicating no direct evidence of active infection. These results collectively suggest that T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar was relatively high. Integrated and improved strategies including reinforced education on toxoplasmosis should be implemented to prevent and control T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar.
Subject(s)
Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Education , Immunoglobulin G , Immunoglobulin M , Myanmar , Parasites , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Toxoplasma , ToxoplasmosisABSTRACT
Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional, de tipo caso-control, que incluyó a 300 niños de 5 a 11 años de edad, atendidos en la Clínica Estomatológica perteneciente al Policlínico Docente "Julián Grimau" de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta septiembre de 2015, para determinar los principales factores de riesgo asociados a la caries dental, para lo cual fueron constituidos 2 grupos: los casos y los controles. El primero integrado por 100 escolares con caries dentales detectadas al examen bucal y el segundo formado por 200 niños en los que no se evidenciaron signos clínicos de la enfermedad. Como principales factores de riesgo predominaron la higiene bucal deficiente y el apiñamiento dentario. Con estos resultados se mostró que la ineficacia de las acciones de promoción de salud, afecta el estado de salud bucal en estas edades.
An observational analytic case-control study that included 300 children aged 5 to 11, assisted in the Stomatological Clinic belonging to "Julián Grimau" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January to September, 2015, to determine the main risk factors associated to dental decay, for which 2 groups were constituted: case and control groups. The first one integrated by 100 scholars with dental decay detected in the oral exam and the second formed by 200 children in whom clinical signs of the disease were not evidenced. As main risk factors, poor oral hygiene and dental crowding prevailed. With these results it was shown that the ineffectiveness of health promotion actions, affects the state of oral health in these ages.
Subject(s)
School Dentistry , Oral Health , Risk Factors , Dental Caries , Child , Health PromotionABSTRACT
Background Epidemiologieal survey suggests that visual impairment in teenagers is a worldwide public health problem,and its leading cause is uncorrected refractive error.To conduct an extensive screening of visual impairment in teenagers and analyze the relevant affecting factors are significant works for the prevention and management of refractive errors.But high-quality epidemiological data on visual impairment and refractive error from large groups of children are lacking in Shanghai.Objective This study was to investigate the prevalence of ametropia and visual impairment in schoolchildren aged 6 to 12 years old.Methods In this cross-sectional study,4 686 students from 6 elementary schools in Baoshan District of Shanghai,a rural-urban fringe zone,China were selected by clustering sampling from May 2010 to April 2011.The eye examinations included visual acuity,ocular surface,ocular anterior segment,ocular media,fundus and intraocular pressure measurement,and the data autorefraction under cycloplegia and eye position were recorded.The cause of visual impairment was evaluated.Results A total of 4 594 students received examination with the response rate 98.0％,and autorefraction under cycloplegia was completed in 84.8％ schoolchildren (3 975/4 594).The prevalence rate of uncorrected visual acuity 0.5 or worse in both eyes was 14.4％ (662/4 594),with the wearing glasses rate 51.8％ (343/662).The percentage of students with the uncorrected visual acuity 0.5 or worse in at least one eye was 22.4％ (1 031/4 594).The prevalence rate of refractive error in the visual impaired students was 96.9％ (999/1 031),followed by amblyopia (37/1 031,3.6％).The prevalence rate of myopia,hyperopia,and astigmatic in the pupils after cycloplegia was 31.1％,4.3 ％ and 33.0％,respectively.In addition,the prevalence rate of myopia in public elementary schools was higher than that in migrant elementary schools (33.9％ versus 30.3％) (x2 =5.46,P =0.02).Logistic regression analysis showed that myopia was associated with age (OR =1.60,95 ％ CI:1.53-1.68,P ＜ 0.01) and female (OR =1.33,95％ CI:1.16-1.54,P＜0.01).Conclusions The leading cause of vision impairment is myopia in the elementary school students in Shanghai,China.The screening-ratio of refractive error and the coverage of refractive correction in the elementary school students in Shanghai are matters of urgent concern.
ABSTRACT
Se efectuó un estudio cuasiexperimental en 27 escolares de 6 años con alto riesgo de caries, pertenecientes a la Escuela Primaria "Miguel Ángel Oramas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, desde octubre del 2009 hasta mayo del 2012, con vistas a determinar la efectividad de los colutorios de clorhexidina más flúor en estos niños. La casuística quedó distribuida en 2 grupos: estudio (A) y control (B), seleccionados a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple; los primeros tratados con clorhexidina más flúor, durante 15 días continuos, por 4 meses y los segundos con flúor solamente, por igual periodo. Se demostró la efectividad de los citados colutorios con resultados significativos, puesto que en el grupo A existió una disminución proporcional de las caries (66,6 %), no aparecieron nuevas y 76,9 % de sus integrantes lograron una higiene bucal eficiente.
A quasi-experimental study was carried out in 27 school children who were 6 years-old with high cavity risk, belonging to "Miguel Ángel Oramas Alfonso" Primary School in Santiago de Cuba, from October, 2009 to May, 2012, aimed at determining the effectiveness of clorhexidine plus fluoride collutoriums in these children. The case material was distributed in 2 groups: study group (A) and control group (B), selected through a simple random sampling; the first group was treated with clorhexidine plus fluorine, during 15 continuous days, for 4 months and the second one with fluoride only, during an equal period. The effectiveness of the mentioned collutoriums was demonstrated with significant results, since in group A proportional decrease of the caries existed (66.6%), there were no new ones and 76.9 % of its members achieved an efficient oral hygiene.
ABSTRACT
O estudo investigou a relação das práticas educativas parentais, problemas de comportamento e a competência social de crianças pré-escolares. Participaram 48 mães e 33 pais, cujos primogênitos tinham seis anos de idade, que responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas educativas e ao Sistema de Avaliação das Competências Sociais, o qual também avalia problemas de comportamento. Correlações de Spearman revelaram associações positivas entre práticas coercitivas maternas e problemas de comportamento infantil, especialmente os de externalização. Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre práticas coercitivas paternas e problemas de internalização, bem como entre as práticas indutivas e de não interferência paternas com a cooperação e a assertividade infantil, respectivamente. Mães de meninas referiram mais comportamentos de autocontrole e a competência social do que mães de meninos, enquanto aquelas de NSE baixo relataram mais práticas coercitivas e as de NSE alto, mais as indutivas. Os achados indicaram que as práticas indutivas paternas associaram-se com aspectos da competência social, enquanto as práticas coercitivas maternas e paternas aos problemas de comportamento infantil.
The study examined associations between parents' childrearing practices, behavior problems and pre-school children's social competence. A total of 48 mothers and 33 fathers, when their firstborn children were aged six, completed an interview about child-rearing practices and the Social Skills Rating System that also assesses behavior problems. Spearman correlations indicated positive associations between maternal coercive practices and children's behavior problems, especially those related to externalizing. Positive correlations were also found between fathers' coercive practices and internalizing problems, as well as among fathers' inductive and non-interference practices with children's cooperation and assertiveness, respectively. Girls' mothers reported higher levels of self-control and social competence than did boys' mothers. Moreover, lower SES mothers referred more coercive practices while higher SES mothers reported more inductive practices. Findings underscore the relationship between fathers' inductive practices and children's social competence. In addition, results suggested associations among both mothers' and fathers' coercive practices and children's behavior problems.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aptitude , Child Behavior , Psychology, Child , Social Behavior , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
Objetivos Describir la opinión que tienen sobre la violencia percibida a través de los medios de comunicación los escolares de una institución educativa. Materiales y Métodos Investigación de tipo descriptivo-exploratorio, para la cual se seleccionaron mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado, 60 niños de una institución educativa del sector oficial de la ciudad de Cali. Se tomaron datos cuantitativos Resultados Se encontraron aspectos comunes relacionados con la opinión sobre la presencia de violencia a través de los medios como son: exposición frecuente a la violencia a través de ellos y además se identificó falta de supervisión por parte de los padres. Conclusiones El contexto social, así como la observación constante de violencia a través de los medios de comunicación, influyen en la opinión que los escolares tienen sobre el fenómeno de la violencia, así como en su predisposición a ella.
Objective To describe the opinion of schoolage children, from a public school, regarding the violence they perceive in the media. Material and Methods Descriptive-exploratory research with a sample, selected according to the child's age in a public school. Quantitative data were collected. Results There were found common issues related to the child's opinion about the violence present in the media such as frequent exposure to the media violence and lack of parental supervision. Conclusions Social context and constant exposure to the media violence affect the children's opinion about the violence phenomenon and their predisposition to it.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Mass Media , Violence , Attitude , ColombiaABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between personality traits and awareness of gender equality. METHOD: A descriptive survey design was used and 688 students in fifth and sixth grades in 3 elementary schools were selected as participants. RESULT: 1. Level of gender equality awareness among the students was 2.82. This is higher than average and was most influenced by awareness of family life, followed by awareness in education, work environment and social-cultural life. 2. Students with higher levels of extraversion-introversion had higher levels of awareness of gender equality in family life, work environment, and education. Students with higher levels of tough-mindedness showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in family life and work environment, while those with higher levels of lying showed lower levels of gender equality awareness in social-cultural life. CONCLUSION: Personality traits and awareness of gender equality were correlated to some degree. However, in order to understand the characteristics of childhood personality traits and the behaviors of our children though the mediation of the gender equality awareness as society changes, and to let them grow with understanding of gender equality, it is essential to implement various kinds of education in families, schools, and the society.